• Zamindars of Ariyalur

 

Zamindars were the feudal royals in British India. They belong to the privileged ruling class and their families carried suffixes of lordship. The title was hereditary, they had rights of succession of the Zamindari *.

Zamindars paid a fixed tribute (kappam) to the British government and in return, Zamindars was allowed to collect the tax from the lands and peasants of their territory.

Ariyalur Zamindari is situated to the east of Trichinopoly District and north of the river Kollidam.

When the Ariyalur region came under the English rule, the province became a settled estate (Zamindari) under permanent sanad* in AD 1817 (*Sanad was a deed granted to the rulers of native princely states in British India confirming them in their ruling position in return for their allegiance to the British Raj).

*territory of zamindar

  • The following are the villages under the Zamindari of Ariyalur:

  1. Kusha Ariyalur
  2. Usainagarom
  3. Thondappadi
  4. Elandanguli
  5. Seranatham
  6. Alagiri Palaiyam
  7. Seetharamapuram
  8. Allinagaram
  9. Mahalignapuram
  10. Kollapuram
  11. Jairamapuram
  12. Govindapuram
  13. Manakkal
  14. Kurumvanchavadi
  15. Tamaraikulam
  16. Ravuthampatti
  17. Venkataramanapuram
  18. Asbabad
  19. Muthunayakampatti
  20. Srinivasapuram
  21. Hamumanthapuram
  22. Konerirayapuram
  23. Hasthinapuram
  24. Kallankurichi
  25. Manakkudi
  26. Usainabad
  27. Valajanagar
  28. Velur
  29. Venkatakrishnapuram
  30. Krishanpuram
  1. Subvbarayapuram
  2. Ammakulam
  3. Thirumalairayapuram
  4. Thavuthakulam
  5. Maravanur
  6. Ramalingapuram
  7. Rasulabad
  8. Makkaikulam
  9. Patharkudi
  10. Arunagirimangalam
  11. Peraiyur
  12. Bujangarayanallur
  13. Nochikulam
  14. Ramanathapuram
  15. Melasubbarayapuram
  16. Mukunthapuram
  17. Puthuvenkatamanapuram
  18. Athur
  19. Pappanacheri
  20. Varamavasi
  21. NallakkaPalaiyam
  22. Mallur
  23. Kusha Melamathur
  24. Kilamathur
  25. Managalam
  26. Kairlabad
  27. Eruthukarampatti

In 1817 AD, the first Zamindar of Ariyalur was Vijaya Oppillatha Malavarayar Nainar, he belonged to the Vanniya Padayachi community. Later, during the reign of Kumara Vijaya Oppillatha Malavaraya Nainar, the Zamin faced serious threats of disintegration owing to the debts of the zamin.

Between 1871 to 1873 AD, the entire estate (57 villages) of Ariyalur Zamindari was sold by orders of the civil court in satisfaction of debts incurred by the Zamindar Kumara Vijaya Oppillatha Malavaraya Nainar. [1] [2]

Thavasumuthu Nadar of Porayar bought the Ariyalur Zamindari in the court auction and became the first Nadar Zamindar of Ariyalur. [3] [4] [5]

After his death, his son T. Rathinasamy Nadar succeeded him as the Zamindar of Ariyalur. During his period, Udaiyarpalaiyam Zamindar (father-in-law of Kumara Vijaya Oppillatha Malavaraya Nainar) purchased 7 villages of Ariyalur Zamindari from Rathinasamy Nadar and gave it to K.V.O.M Nainar. [6]

T. Gurusamy Nadar became the Zamindar of Ariyalur in 1912 and ruled it till his death in 1920. T.V Balaguruswamy Nadar succeeded as Ariyalur Zamindar for a short stint, he was the last Zamindar from Poraiyar Nadar Estate.

Poraiyar Nadar Estate has held the title of Zamindar of Ariyalur for almost half a century. [7]

List of Zamindars of Ariyaur from Porayar Nadar Estate:

  • V. Thavsumuthu Nadar – 1873 – 1885 AD
  • T. Ratnaswamy Nadar – 1885 – 1912 AD
  • T. Guruswamy Nadar – 1912 – 1920 AD
  • T.V. Balaguruswamy Nadar – 1920 – 1922 AD

Simultaneously, Nadar estate was the Zamindars for two other minor zamins: [8]

  • Ulagamadevi zamin
  • Karapidagai zamin

References

[1] Political Manu (MSS) Memorandum submitted by M. R. Chinnappadurai to the Collector of Tiruchirappalli, dated 17th February 1900.
[2] The Aristocracy of Southern India By A. Vadivelu (1903) | Lewis Moore, Manual of the Trichinopoly District
[3] Page 1595, The Asylum Press’s Almanack and Directory of Madras and Southern India 1919
[4] Page 146, Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for Trichinopoly District
[5] List of liabilities listed on Schedule IV of Civil suit no 655 of 1921
[6] Page 346 Madras District Gazetteers – Trichinopoly Volume 1 – FR. Hemingay ICS. 1907.
[7] Page 1595, The Asylum Press’s Almanack and Directory of Madras and Southern India 1919 | List of liabilities listed on Schedule IV of Civil suit no 655 of 1921
[8] List of liabilities listed on Schedule IV of Civil suit no 655 of 1921

Comments 5

As per official records provided by Mr.Lewis Moore, the Acting Head Assistant to the Collector and Magistrate of Trichinopoly in his report Trichinopoly District in The Presidency of Madras (year 1878), the palayakarars of both Ariyalur and Udaiyarpalayam were Kallars. They along with the Reddy palayakarar of Thuraiyur were attacked by the combined forces of the British and the Nawab. In 1765, Ariyalur and Udaiyarpalayam palayakarars together with their families were disposed. They took refuge in Thanjavur and later Mysore. Although they returned with the help of Hyder Ali, it was only for a brief period after which they were imprisonned in Trichy. Mr.Lewis Moore also reported that after the palayakarars lost their rights, the zamins were taken over by the servants and agents of the Nawab before both were brought under British control in 1801. Rabindranath Tagore also stated that Ariyalur formerly belonged to Kallar Zamindar in The Modern Review Volume 35 No.1 January 1924.

Before 1765 – Kallar Palayakarars
1765 to 1817 – Various servants, Nawab, British.
1817 to 1871 – Padayachi family
1871 to 1873 – Zamins assets were on sale due to debt incurred by the Padayachi families
1873 to 1922 – Nadar family

Your assumptions are truly false and you have a deep misunderstanding of the issue Mr.Sharmalan Thevar. The fact is that the Polygars of Ariyalur were Vanniyars only – in 1817 they were granted the sanad to rule over the zemindari district of Ariyalur , from 1790s-1817 the estate was under the management of the British government , Nawab-agents etc. the poligars were renters in that period as well as pensioners of the Company. The poligars were restored to a fraction of their original estates in 1817 – the same family of poligars who were ruling it before 1765 were the ones who obtained the sanad in 1817 after the inter regnum – In Lewis Moore's district manual of 1878 it has been wrongly published that Ariyalur and Udayarpalayam zamindars were Kallars (This is not with respect to 1817 but in the year 1878) , only in 1871 the estate was sold to auctioneers by the British government due to the fact that the Poligar of Ariyalur had defaulted in his debts to the British government. Even Mackenzie's Manuscripts(1805) – Edgar Thurston(1909) and : 1907 Trichinopoly manual has correctly referred to the Ariyalur and Udayarpalayam poligars as belonging to Padayatchi subdivision of Palli/Vanniyar caste , Inscriptional evidence (archaelogy dept. of tn), Mackenzie manuscripts say the Ariyalur and Udayarpalayam Palayams were established before the 16th and 15th centuries (1308 and 1495) respectively at that time there were no Kallar palayams or poligars as well(The Kallar caste came to Tanjore/delta region as elephant catchers only during the early 17th century Nayakkar rule and later on they became zamindars and poligars under the erstwhile Maratha rulers and started using many Chola era titles like Vandayar , Mazhavarayar etc. but there is no historical/inscriptional evidence to show that the Kallar poligars who used these titles also ruled during Chola period), , all the inscriptions(SII , TN ARCHAEOLOGY DEPT. ASI.) refer to them(Ariyalur , Udayarpalayam) zamindars as Vanniyar caste only- the Udayarpalayam Zamindar's kaipeethu in 1779 – says "Vanniyar kulam gingee samasthanam" . The current descendants of Ariyalur and Udayarpalayam zamindars are Vanniyars . Mr. Sharmalan you must learn to recognise and read the information in the sources properly – don't put forth your own conclusions as you have falsely done in your blog without an iota of historical evidence – you also lack proper historical knowledge and your blog posts clearly shows how you copy paste stuff from internet simply in the name of history. Clearly your blog posts are a reflection of the fact that you are trying to appropriate some other community's history and that you have simply said that Vanniyar is simply a title on what basis – it is our caste name since the Chola period – with respect to inscriptional evidence Iam writing the line.Mr. Sharmalan can you show even one historical evidence that your community had Vanniyar name before Vijayanagara period- it is shown only as a title in your community – but even in Vijayanagara period it was a caste name in idangai faction and in Chola period it was our caste name as well along with Palli name. Silai elupathu was written by Kambar for the Vanniyar Kulam ' Caste'- In the 1929 G.O it is clearly mentioned that Pallis or Vanniers may be collectively referred to as 'Vanniya Kula Kshatriya' in Tamil districts – it does not say Palli should be changed to Vanniyar – even Sambuvaraya Kings are referred to as Palli IN INSCRIPTIONS AND EVEN AS VANNIYAR IN OTHER INSCRIPTIONS AND MADURA VIJAYAM. MR. SHARMALAN PLEASE READ HISTORY PROPERLY – HISTORY IS NOT SOMETHING TO BE COPY PASTED SIMPLY FROM UNAUTHENTIC WEBSITES – TRUE HISTORY IS ONE WHICH SHOULD BE SEARCHED AND FOUND , MURALI NAYAKKAR HAS A MILLION TIMES BETTER HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE THAN YOU MURALI NAYAKKAR HAS PUT FORTH SEVERAL INSCRIPTIONAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IN MANY OF HIS BLOG POSTS PREVIOUSLY UNLIKE YOU .YOU HAVE NO RIGHTS TO EVEN CRITICISE MURALI NAYAKKAR. MR.SHARMALAN, YOUR HISTORICAL UNDERSTANDING IS TOTALLY TRASH AND WORTHLESS- IN NONE OF YOUR BLOG POSTS YOU HAVE SHOWN ANY PROPER REFERENCE WITH RESPECT TO ANY OTHER HISTORICAL AUTHENTIC SOURCES LIKE – T.N ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPT. , EPIGRAHICA , SOUTH INDIAN INSCRIPTIONS ETC. , YOU HAVE EXPLICITLY COPY PASTED STUFF FROM INTERNET – DO YOU THINK HISTORIANS LIKE NOBORU KARASHIMA , Y.SUBBARAYALU , L.THIAGARAJAN , NATANA KASINATHAN , U.V SAMINATHA IYER , WERE ALL DOING THE SAME BULLCRAP STUFF WHICH YOU ARE DOING RIGHT NOW? ONE FINAL THING – MR.SHARMALAN THEVAR DOES NOT HAVE PROPER HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE AND DOES NOT SHOW ANY REFERENCE IN ANY OF HIS BLOG POSTS.

MR.SHARMALAN THEVAR YOUR UNDERSTANDING IS TOTALLY FLAWED.

Best wishes

It was great to learn about your zamindari estate

Could you help me out in learning about others.

Regards

"The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early-Modern South India", author and researcher Lennart Bes of Radboud University Nijmegen states that the Kallar polygar of Ariyalur may have been the son-in-law of the Kallar polygar of Udaiyarpalayam (page 311). This is according to a Dutch source from the late 1670s; NA, VOC, no. 1454, f. 1015; no. 1756, f. 1219v: reports of local VOC envoys to Tanjavur and Ramnad, August 1688, October 1708.

There are even Dutch sources dating to 1670s which mentions that both Ariyalur and Udayarpalayam were ruled by Kallar chiefs. Even today in the delta region, there are hundreds of Kallar families that uses the Malavarayar surname and these people do not marry those of the same surname.

The present day community which calls itself Vanniyar is in fact a foreign tribe known as Palli. The Palli tribe originated from Odisha. They were brought to Tamil Nadu in the 11th century CE after Rajendra Chola captured their homeland, Panchapalli, during his war campaign. The Pallis were a hill tribe and as tribals they knew how to use bows and arrows. They were also recruited as bowmen in the Chola army. After the fall of the Cholas, the Pallis moved down from the hills to settle in the plains. They are not even native Tamils, hence, you do not see any record of this tribe prior to the said period. You will also not find them in Sangam literature.

Noboru Karashima, former Professor Emeritus of The University of Tokyo explained about the Palli tribe in his research work Epigraphical Study of Ancient and Medieval Villages in the Tamil Country. He mentioned that the Palli tribe appeared in inscriptions only during the 12th-13th century AD and that after the 13th century, this hill tribe descended upon the plains to live as agriculturist.

History is history. It is not about glorifying one and putting down others. It is also not about what you or others like. The Pallis were late comers in the Tamil timeline and they were never the founders of Chera, Chola, Pandya or Pallava dynasties. These kingdoms were already in existence during the late sangam period of 300 BCE-600 CE. The Pallis only arrived in Tamil Nadu, 1300 years after the earliest record of the Tamil kingdoms. This is the fact.

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